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111 BC: The Nam Viet kingdom (spreading from the Red River delta to north of
Canton) is annexed by the Han and becomes the chinese district of Giao-chi. The
next thousand years is marked by progress in civilization, but also in the
national sentiment. Numerous uprisings most notably the Trung sisters (40-43) and
Ly Bon (542-545) rebelions, are crushed. During the entire Vietnam history China
remains both a model and a threat.
602: Chinese rule is now a protectorat, the capital being Dai La Thanh
(Hanoi)
939: Ngo Quyen frees the country (Dai Co Viet) by vanquishing Chinese armies
at the Bach Dang river.
968: Dinh Bo Linh pacifies the country, and reorganizes it following the
Chinese model. Mandarins will be recruited by litterary contests from 1075 (Van
Mieu temple) to 1919. The capital moves to Hoa Lu with the Dinh and first Le
dynasties.
1010: The Ly dynasty moves the capital to Thanh Long (Hanoi). During their
reign, Chinese, Khmer, and Cham attacks are repelled (most notably by Ly Thuong
Kiet). The expension towards the South begins, with territories conquered from
the Cham (this resulted in the destruction of their culture).
1226: Tran dynasty.
1288: After thirty years of periodic invasions, the Mongols are defeated by
Tran Hung Dao at the Bach Dang river.
1407: Chinese occupation Ming.
1428: After his victory against the Chinese armies, with the aid of Nguyen
Trai, Le Loi begins the second Le dynasty, which sees further annexions in the
South.
1524: Begining of a long period of political instability. While the Le govern
only nominaly, a feudal war rages between the Trinh from the North (Thang Long)
and the Nguyen from the South (Hue).
1651: Jesuit Alexandres de Rhodes publishes in Roma a latin/vietnamese
cathechism and creates the Ngoc Ngu, the roman-based script currently used for
Vietnamese (Vietnam is only one of three countries in Asia which uses a
roman-based script).
1771: The Tay Son brothers start a rebellion which will cause thirty years of
heavy warfare. One of them, Nguyen Hue, reigns as Quang Trung and defeats the
Chinese army at Dong Da.
1802: After pushing back the Tay Son with the help of French mercenaires
recruited by Jesuit Pigneau de Behaine, Nguyen Anh (the only survivor from the
massacre of the Nguyen by the Tay Son brothers) changes his name to Gia Long and
starts the Nguyen dynasty. The capital of the unified country is now Hue.
1858: The French navy attacks Da Nang.
1867: Cochinchina (the South) becomes a French Colony.
1883: Tonkin (the North) and Annam (the Center) become French
protectorates.
1887: Creation of the Indochina Union, Cochinchina, Annam, Tonkin, Cambodia,
and latter Laos.
1932: Bao Dai, the last emperor, begins his reign as an infant.
1940: Invasion of Indochina by Japan. The French administration collaborate
and continue to run the government.
1941: Ho Chi Minh starts the Viet Minh. Leninism is thought of as an
ideological weapon to serve Vietnamese nationalism against French
colonialism.
1945 (March 9): The Japanese end up French authority. (Aug 19): The Viet Minh
starts a general popular insurection. Bao Dai abdiquates. (Sept 2): Ho Chi Minh
declares independance in Hanoi (US agents stand at his side) (Sept 23): The
French authorities reoccupy the South.
1946: After the failed Fontainebleau conference between Ho Chi Minh and the
French government, notably about the question of the status of Cochinchina, and
the bombing of Haiphong (6000 killed), the war between the French troops and the
Viet Minh for the control of Vietnam begins.
1954: The bulk of the French army is defeated at Dien Bien Phu (this is the
first time in history a colonial power is militarily defeated, a massive
decolonization follows worldwide). At the Geneva conference, the country is
partitioned at the 17th parallel as an interim stage. The North becomes the
Democratic Republic of Vietnam, a communist state supported by China and the USSR
(the strict communist ideology began to prevail at the 2nd congress of the
Vietnamese labor party in 1951).
1955: Refusing to implement the Geneva accords, Ngo Dien Diem proclaims
himself president of the Republic of South Vietnam with backing from the
West.
1959: The communist party decides to start military operations in the South.
Construction of the Ho Chi Minh trail.
1961: Kennedy decides to increase US military aid to South Vietnam, first in
the form of military advisors (16000 by 1965).
1963: Ngo Dien Diem is assassinated in a US-initiated coup.
1964: Although elected as a dovish candidate against Goldwater, Johnson
decides to escaladate the war. All but two US senators pass the "Tonkin Gulf
resolution", which gives a blank checks to US presidents over Vietnam.
1965 (Feb): First US aerial raids against the North. The tonnage of bombs
used during the US intervention (mostly against civilian targets) in Vietnam will
exceed that used during the whole WW II, and include use of chemical arms.
(March) First US troops in Danang. Their number will grow up to more half a
million. Nguyen Van Thieu president.
1968 (Jan 31): The Viet Cong's Tet offensive, although a military failure,
stuns the West and becomes a psychological turning point as it makes the public
aware of the nature of the war and the impasse. Anti-war movements begin in the
West, and are fuelled in the US by the revelation of the "Pentagon papers" in
1971 which show how US presidents had deceitfully handled the matter.
Negotiations begin in Paris, but in the while more military escaladations take
place.
1973: After the ratification of the Paris accords, the US military
withdraw.
1975 (April 30): Viet Cong troops enter Saigon, after a two-month campaign in
spite of the Paris accords.
1976: The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is officially proclaimed.
1978: Vietnam joins the USSR-lead Comecon. The tragedy of the Hai Hong, old
cargo boat overloaded with refugies brings to the world attention about the "boat
people" fleeing the new regime. They will total more than half a million
people.
1979 (Jan): Vietnamese troops enter Phnom Penh and end the murderous Pol Pot
regime in Cambodia. (Feb): A retaliatory invasion from China is repelled during a
month-long war.
1987: A law on foreign investments marks the beginning of the liberalization
of the economy (but not of politics, cf also China and other Asian countries).
The first turists visit the country.
1989: Withdrawal from Cambodia (this is the first time for half a century
that the country is not engaged in any war).
1991: Relationships are normalized with China (note that this year saw the
end of the USSR).
1995: Diplomatic relationships are fully normalized with the US, one year
after the end of the US embargo.
Thanks Luong, Nice Article
For more Vietnam Information Culture, People and Travel check this website: http://www.vietnam-beauty.com
If you want travel to Vietnam, apply Vietnam Visa online at http://www.vietnam-visa.com
One thing I wish to add is "Almost all Vietnamese dynasties are named after the king's family name, unlike the Chinese dynasties, whose names are dictated by the dynasty founders and often used as the country's name."
Great thanks to Mr Luong about your article. Vietnam has passed 1000 years of mighty history. Now, Vietnam has made bilateral relationship with more than 100 countries on over the world, and has 83 embassies in countries. Most of Foreigners are accepted Visa to enter Vietnam. You can see more information about Vietnam Embassy and Vietnam Visa at:
http://www.vietnam-embassy.cn and http://www.vietnam-visa.cn.
